Nuclear Power Sources (NPSs)
Documents
“Safety in the Design and Development of United States Space NPS Applications”, by R. Wilcox, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Institute of Technology (2011)
UN A/AC.105/C.1/2011/CRP.6
Note by the UN Secretary: “Reservations of the delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela concerning the Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space - Statement of the delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela made during the adoption of the Safety Framework on 19 February” (2009)
UN A/AC.105/938
“Safety Framework for Nuclear Power Source Applications in Outer Space”
Document jointly prepared by the UNCOPUOS Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the International Atomic Energy Agency (2009)
UN A/AC.105/934
Note verbale dated 19 December 2005 from the Permanent Mission of the United States of America to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General (Notification of safety assessment carried out for nuclear-powered New Horizons probe)
UN A/ AC.105/864
Report of the Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: “A review of international documents and national processes potentially relevant to the peaceful uses of nuclear power sources in outer space” (2002)
UN A/AC.105/781
Working paper submitted by the Russian Federation: “Identification of terrestrial processes and technical standards with a possible relevance to nuclear power sources, including factors distinguishing the use of nuclear power sources in outer space from terrestrial nuclear power applications” (2000)
UN A/AC.105/C.1/L.234
Working paper submitted by the Russian Federation: “Collisions between nuclear power sources and space debris” (2000)
UN A/AC.105/C.1/L.233
Working paper submitted by the United Kingdom: “Technical processes and technical standards relevant to nuclear power sources in space: the position of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” (2000)
UN A/AC.105/C.1/L.231
Working paper submitted by the United States: “Review of safety processes and standards for the United States space and terrestrial nuclear power systems” (2000)
UN A/AC.105/C.1/L.229
UN Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space (1992)
UN A/RES/47/68
General Assembly Resolution that recommends the creation of a working group on the use of nuclear power sources (1978) (see point 8)
UN A/RES/33/16
UN Documents on NPSs
CNES Nuclear Safety Requirements (2002)
RNC-CNES-R-15
EU Council Directive laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation (1996)
EU Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM
Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994)
IAEA INFCIRC/449
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (1987)
United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1457, N. 24643.
IAEA INFCIRC/336
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (1986, entered into force in 1987) United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1439, N. 24404.
IAEA INFCIRC/335
Articles
R. I. R. ABEYRATNE
“The Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and Its Effect on Environmental Protection”
Journal of space law, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 1997, P. 17.
M. BENKO, G. GRUBER, K.-U. SCHROGL
“The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: Adoption of Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space and Other Recent Developments”
ZLW, 1993, p. 35.
A. BIANCHI
“Environmental Harm Resulting from the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: Some Remarks on State Responsibility and Liability”
In F. FRANCIONI, T. SCOVAZZI (eds.), “International Responsibility for Environmental Harm”, 1991.
I. BOUVET
“Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: Key Technology Legal Challenges”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 30, 2004, p. 203.
C. Q. CRISTOL
“Nuclear Power Sources (NPSs) for Space Objects: A New Challenge for International Law”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1993”.
A. A. COCCA
“Are the Principles of the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space a Progress in Space Law?”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1993”.
S. COURTEIX
“The Legal Regime of Nuclear Power Satellites: A Problem at the Cross-Roads of Nuclear Law and Space Law”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1991”.
P. FAUTEUX
“Sources d’énergie nucléaire dans l’espace: Bilan réglementaire et incertitudes américaines”
Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XVI, 1991, p. 267.
S. GOROVE
“Recent Litigation Involving the Launch of Spacecraft with NPS on Board”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1993”.
N. JASENTULIYANA
“An Assessment of the United Nations Principles on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1993”.
V. KOPAL
“The Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: A New Set of United Nations Principles?”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 19, Issue 2, 1991, pp. 105-122.
S. A. MIRMINA, D. J. Den HERDER
“Use of Nuclear Power Sources in the Exploration of Outer Space”
In “Proceedings of the Forty-Eight Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2005”, Vol. 48, pp. 131-148.
A. D. TEREKHOV
“International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects with Nuclear Power Sources on Board”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1992”.
A. D. TEREKHOV
“International Responsibility for Using Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space: Reflections on the Text Adopted by COPUOS”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1991”.
A. D. TEREKHOV
“Review and Revision of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1993”.
Other useful readings
R. HAGEN, J. SCHEFFRAN
“Nuclear Space: An Indispensable Option?”
Space Policy, Vol. 17, Issue 4, 2001, pp. 261-264.
L. SUMMERER
“ENSAF: Steps towards a European Space Nuclear Safety Framework”
L. SUMMERER, F. De WINNE
“Considerations on Safety and European Options Regarding Nuclear Power Sources for Space”
L. SUMMERER, B. GARDINI, G. GIANFIGLIO
“ESA’s Approach to Nuclear Power Sources for Space Applications”
In “Proceedings of ICAPP, Nice, France, 13-18 May 2007”, Paper 7325.