Sentinel-1 sees rice paddy drop in the Mekong Delta

Since the end of 2015, dry conditions associated with El Niño have strongly affected South East Asia, leading to severe drought, in particular in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta.

River water levels are at the lowest recorded in 90 years in many places, causing more severe and earlier salt water intrusion than previous years.

According to UN humanitarian response reports, local farmers are coping with the drought and increased water salinity by reducing their crop area.

The Sentinel-1 mission is helping to map and monitor rice production. It carries an advanced radar that can see through all weather conditions – essential in cloud-prone South East Asia – and is highly sensitive to changes in waterlogged ground such as rice paddies.

“The frequent observations by Sentinel-1 over the main rice production areas and its free access make the mission an indispensable asset for rice monitoring in the region,” said Thuy Le Toan from France’s CESBIO institute.

“Rice fields at different growth stages have been mapped by Sentinel-1A nearly every 12 days since October 2014. Comparing the rice area in mid-March 2015 and mid-March 2016 indicates a decrease of about 276 600 hectares of rice grown area – a reduction of 16.7%.”

Rice is the most important crop for human consumption and is eaten by more than half of the world`s population every day, with Asia representing the largest production and consumption region.

Ensuring there is enough affordable rice for everyone is critical for global food security, meaning that extreme weather conditions, such as those caused by El Nino, have a direct impact on how much food is traded and consequently brought to the table at an affordable price.

Following the dramatic global food price spike in in 2007–08, the G20 agriculture ministers launched the Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative – or Geoglam.

The initiative’s main purpose is to strengthen timely crop monitoring information with Earth-observing satellite to help reduce food price instability.

Geoglam is a collaborative effort of global agricultural stakeholders and space agencies such as such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, the World Food Programme and Japan's JAXA space agency. ESA’s GEO-Rice project is dedicated to develop, validate and demonstrate dedicated rice monitoring products based on Sentinel-1 observations in support of Geoglam.

The information from Sentinel-1 is crucial for policymakers from local to country-wide, improving estimates for national agricultural statistics, planning relief activities or assessing damage from natural disasters, informing crop insurances for smallholders or monitoring conservation practices and precision farming.

The data are also being used to monitor rice crop evolution in northern Vietnam’s Red River Delta, the country’s second most important rice producing area.

Sentinel-1 is a two-satellite mission. The first satellite, Sentinel-1A, currently has a revisit time of once every 12 days over important rice areas. After its sister Sentinel-1B is launched on 22 April and is brought into service, coverage will be achieved every six days. This will allow for more frequent updates on rice crops – essential for optimising the production of Asia’s main food resource.

“Sentinel-1A has already demonstrated its great value for monitoring rice crops at a large scale, as it provides data of top quality over large areas at 20 m resolution, in a systematic way, with a high revisit frequency,” said Francesco Holecz from sarmap and an expert in rice crop monitoring with remote sensing data.

“For the first time, this allows maps at national level to be generated, containing timely, accurate and detailed information.

“Once Sentinel-1B is operational, the mission will be a game changer in the operational monitoring of rice, and also in general for agriculture and forest monitoring.”