Finite Element Method (FEM) model of Vega's Z23 second stage. This allowed the team to map a 3D grid of elements to initial computer aided design (CAD) Vega components, adding virtual flesh to CAD bones. Engineers could then apply mathematical models of load forces and structural behaviour to this ‘Coupled Loads Analysis’ CLA tool, creating a virtual representation of the launcher to demonstrate how it will bend, shake or deform across a range of stress conditions.