Simulated hypervelocity impact of a sphere into a hollow metal cylinder. This component-level modelling approach, undertaken by a consortium led by Center for Studies and Activities for Space at the University of Padua in Italy, treats the spacecraft as made up of larger elements, such as panels, payload, propellant tanks or solar arrays, attached together with physical links. When the energy transfer of the collision takes place, these links are broken apart and the elements are fragmented. A library of previous simulations and empirical data is applied to show how these elements fragment under the force of the impact.