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    ESA > Our Activities > Human Spaceflight > Human Spaceflight Research

    ACES Payload

    The ACES payload is designed for launch in the unpressurised cargo bay of Dragon free flying transfer vehicle. Once in orbit, ACES, transferred from the Dragon using the Space Station robotic systems, will be attached to the Columbus Laboratory Earth-facing external payload platform.

    The payload has a volume of about 1 m3 and a mass of ~362 Kg. The key instruments are the two atomic clocks:

    • PHARAO (Projet d'Horloge Atomique par Refroidissement d'Atomes en Orbit) is a primary frequency standard based on samples of laser cooled cesium atoms. PHARAO is funded and developed by the French National Space Agency (CNES). The PHARAO instruments consists of 6 separate elements.

    PHARAO’s concept is very similar to ground based atomic fountains, but with a major difference: PHARAO will be operated under microgravity conditions. Atoms, launched in free flight along the PHARAO tube, cross a resonant cavity where they interact twice with a microwave field tuned on the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the caesium ground state. In a microgravity environment, the velocity of the atoms along the ballistic trajectories is constant and can be continuously changed over almost two orders of magnitude (5-500 cm/s), allowing the detection of atomic signals with sub-Hz linewidth.

    • SHM (Space H-Maser) is an active hydrogen maser for space applications developed in Switzerland by Spectratime under ESA contract.

    The maser operates on the hyperfine transition of atomic hydrogen. H2 molecules are dissociated in a plasma discharge and the resulting beam of H atoms is state-selected and sent in a storage bulb. The bulb is surrounded by a microwave cavity that, tuned on the atomic resonance, induces the maser action.

    The performances of the two clocks are combined to generate an onboard timescale using the excellent short-term stability of SHM and the long-term stability and accuracy of the cesium clock PHARAO.

    ACES Payload model (1:3)

    1. PHARAO Cesium Tube
    2. PHARAO Laser Source
    3. PHARAO computer
    4. XPLC
    5. MWL
    6. GNSS Antenna
    7. Space hydrogen Maser
    8. Heat pipes
    9. Laser corner cube reflector
    10. MWL antennae
    11. CEPA
    12. ELT

    The payload has a volume of about 1m3 and a mass of ~362 kg.

    The key instruments

    The PHARAO Cesium Tube

    The key instruments are the two atomic clocks:

    • PHARAO (Projet d'Horloge Atomique par Refroidissement d'Atomes en Orbit) is a primary frequency standard based on samples of laser cooled cesium atoms. PHARAO is funded and developed by the French National Space Agency (CNES).

      PHARAO’s concept is very similar to ground based atomic fountains, but with a major difference: PHARAO will be operated under microgravity conditions. Atoms, launched in free flight along the PHARAO cesium tube, cross a resonant cavity where they interact twice with a microwave field tuned on the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the caesium ground state. In a microgravity environment, the velocity of the atoms along the ballistic trajectories is constant and can be continuously changed over almost two orders of magnitude (5-500 cm/s), allowing the detection of atomic signals with sub-Hz linewidth.

    • For more information on PHARAO:

      http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/4488-pharao.php

      http://smsc.cnes.fr/PHARAO/index.htm

      http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/8223-aces-the-time-measuring-super-machine.php

    Sketch of the Space Hydrogen maser
    • SHM (Space Hydrogen Maser) is an active hydrogen maser for space applications developed in Switzerland under ESA contract with funding provided by the Swiss Space Office (SSO).
    SHM Engineering Model: hydrogen storage bulb subassemby

    The maser operates on the hyperfine transition of atomic hydrogen. H2 molecules are dissociated in a plasma discharge and the resulting beam of H atoms is state-selected and sent to the hydrogen storage bulb. The bulb is surrounded by a microwave cavity that, tuned on the atomic resonance, induces the maser action.

    The performances of the two clocks are combined to generate an onboard timescale using the excellent short-term stability of SHM and the long-term stability and accuracy of the cesium clock PHARAO.

    Last update: 29 October 2012

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    • Related links
      • Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES)
        • ACES Payload
          • Other ACES Payload elements
            • ACES Time and Frequency Links
              • ACES Mission
                • ACES Operations
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                        • ACES flyer (pdf 400kb)

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