6) Measure the amount of deforestation in 2000.

Open the Kilim432 false colour image or the Kilim 321 natural colour image you constructed and saved above.

We will now measure the deforested area at the Western slope of Kilimanjaro inside the Forest Reserve.

Choose Image/Measure tool and select Outline the deforested area by clicking along the perimeter of the area. To finish make a right click.

The perimeter and the area is shown in the Measure tool window.

7) Measure the amount of deforestation in 1984.

Open the Kilim432 false colour image or the Kilim 321 natural colour image you constructed and saved above.

The scientists flew over the whole Forest Reserve in a small aircraft and observed and photographed all the impacts on the forest. Using a Global Positioning System (GPS), all their measurements and photographs are georeferenced and transferred to GIS files to be opened and overlayed on satellite images in LEOWorks.

The types of damages and threats to the forest were recorded as follows:

• Logging of indigenous trees: Camphor (Ocotea usambarensis)
• Logging of indigenous trees: Cedar (Juniperus procera)
• Logging of other indigenous tree species
• Burnt forest areas
• Charcoal production
• Forest villages
• Shamba (Taungya) system practices
• Livestock grazing
• Small cultivated fields in the indigenous forest
• Landslides
• Quarries

The survey recorded recent logging of indigenous trees in the natural forest. Two of the most targeted species were identified separately: camphor (Ocotea usambarensis) and cedar (Juniperus procera). The others are grouped under the category "other indigenous tree species".

Burnt forest areas

The survey recorded 65 burnt indigenous forest areas. The fires had usually taken place some time ago. The majority of these areas were found on the southwestern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Charcoal

Some 125 charcoal kilns were spotted in the natural forest of Mt. Kilimanjaro. All the kilns were located on the southeastern slopes .

Shamba (Taungya) system

Forest plantations in Tanzania have usually been established by allowing local farmers to intersperse annual agricultural crops with tree seedlings in forest plantation areas until the third year of tree growth. By the third year, the young tree canopy casts too much shade for the normal growth of agricultural crops. At this point, farmers move out and are allocated another plot, if available.