The solar wind, a stream of particles continuously blowing from the Sun, compresses Earth’s magnetosphere on the dayside and stretches it into a long tail on the nightside. Most solar wind is deflected by the magnetosphere but some material manages to enter. Understanding how this works is of crucial importance to space-borne infrastructure (GPS, telecommunication satellites) and for the safety of astronauts.

One way to monitor this interaction is to study the convection cells.

For the first time, statistical maps of the convection cells under various solar conditions were derived `with six years of data from ESA's Cluster mission.

Credits: NASA

Although Earth is vastly protected from the hazards of interplanetary space by the magnetosphere and atmosphere, they do not form an isolated bubble. Most incoming solar wind is deflected by the magnetosphere but some material manages to enter. Understanding the mechanism is of crucial importance to space-borne infrastructure (GPS, telecommunication satellites) and for the safety of astronauts.

One way to do this is to study the convection cells.

For the first time, statistical maps of the convection cells under various solar conditions were derived `with six years of data from ESA's Cluster mission. Results show that the behaviour of the cells is linked heavily to solar activity.

It can be clearly seen that the number of cells varies depending on the orientation of the IMF.

Credits: Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (S. Haaland)

Although Earth is vastly protected from the hazards of interplanetary space by the magnetosphere and atmosphere, they do not form an isolated bubble. Most incoming solar wind is deflected by the magnetosphere but some material manages to enter. Understanding the mechanism is of crucial importance to space-borne infrastructure (GPS, telecommunication satellites) and for the safety of astronauts.

One way to do this is to study the convection cells.

For the first time, statistical maps of the convection cells under various solar conditions were derived `with six years of data from ESA's Cluster mission. Results show that the behaviour of the cells is linked heavily to solar activity.

The left panel shows the convection pattern in the cells for the IMF directed southward directed as per Cluster EDI measurements

The right panel shows the convection cell pattern for the IMF directed northward as per Cluster EDI measurements

It can be clearly seen that the number of cells varies depending on the orientation of the IMF.

Credits: Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (S. Haaland)