The ionosphere in Southeastern Asia and South America is characterized by the presence of the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) which results into two crests of enhanced electron density located at ±15° off the magnetic equator. Also present in the region is the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly zone where, being the magnetic field strength almost half of what it is when compared to other regions, a large amount of high energy particles penetrate into the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.