Property Rights and Commercialisation of Natural Resources

Documents

Further Statement of the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) on Claims to Property Rights Regarding the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2009)

Statement by the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) on Claims to Property Rights Regarding the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)

The United States Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit, Brief for the Federal Appellees, Case No. 04-16223, Nemitz v. U.S., 2004

Appellant’s Informal Brief: Appeal of Judgement and Order to Dismiss, United States District Court, District of Nevada, Case No. 04-16223, Nemitz v. U.S., 2004

ITU International Radio Regulations (1995, as revised)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Constitution and Convention (1992, as amended in 2006) (see Art. 44 of ITU Constitution)

Moon Agreement (1979, entered into force in 1984)
UN A/RES/34/68

Bogota Declaration (1976)

Outer Space Treaty (1967)
UNGA RES 2222 (XXI)

Workshops and conferences

IASL-IISL International and Interdisciplinary Workshop: “Policy Law Relating to Outer Space Resources: Examples of the Moon, Mars, and Other Celestial Bodies”
Montreal, Canada, 28-30 June 2006

Proceedings

Books

K.-H. BÖCKSTIEGEL (ed.)
“Project 2001 – Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space: Recommendations and Conclusion to Develop the Present State of the Law”
Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne, 2002.

M. COUSTON
“Orbites et fréquences statut, répartition et régime juridique” Pedone, Paris, 2006.

T. GANGALE
“The Development of Outer Space: Sovereignty and Property Rights in International Space Law”
Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009.

P. KAHN (ed.)
“L’exploitation commerciale de l’espace: Droit positif, droit prospectif ”
Litec, Paris, 1992.

K.N. METCALF
“Activities in Space, Appropriation or Use?”
Iustus Förlag, Uppsale law faculty, 1999.

V. POP
“Who Owns the Moon? - Extraterrestrial Aspects of Land and Mineral Resources Ownership” Springer, Space Regulations Library Series, 2008, Vol. 4.

M. SCHWAB
“Sachenrechtliche Grundlagen der Kommerziellen Weltraumnutzung”
Heymann, 2008.

H. L. van TRAA-ENGELMAN,
“Commercial Utilization of Outer Space, Law and Practice”
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993.

Articles

P. ACHILLEAS
“French Space Legislation Development: The New French Legislation on Satellite Frequencies Assignments”
In “Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2005”.

J. ADOLPH
“The Recent Boom in Private Space Development and the Necessity of an International Framework Embracing Private Property Rights to Encourage Investment”
The International Lawyer, Vol. 40, N. 4, 2006, pp. 961-985.

S. AKBAR
“Nouvelle course à la lune et aux corps célestes: Des défis juridiques de l’exploration et de l’exploitation planétaire”
Revue française de droit aérien et spatial, Vol. 249, N. 1, 2009, pp. 28-45.

S. AOKI
“Commentary on H. Shin’s “Emerging System of Property Rights in Outer Space”
In “Proceedings of the United Nations/Republic of Korea Workshop on Space Law: United Nations Treaties on Outer Space: Actions at the National Level, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 3-6 November 2003”, United Nations, 2004, p. 310.

M. BEDJAOUI
“L’espace extra atmosphérique: Un univers en partage”
In A. KERREST (ed.), “L'adaption du droit de l'espace à ses nouveaux défis : Liber amicorum : Mélanges en l'honneur de Simone Courteix”, Pedone, 2007.

R. BERKLEY
“Space Law Versus Space Utilization: The Inhibition of Private Industry in Outer Space”
Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol. 15, 1997, p. 421.

P. J. BLOUNT
“Jurisdiction in Outer Space: Challenges of Private Individuals in Space”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 33, N. 2, 2007.

M. BUZDUGAN
“Recent Challenges Facing the Management of Radio Frequencies and Orbital Resources Used by Satellites”
In “Proceedings of the Fifty-Third Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2010” (IAC-10.E7.5.3).

C. Q. CHRISTOL
“The Moon and Mars Missions: Can International Law Meet the Challenge?”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 19, N. 2, 1991, p. 123.

N. D. COOPER
“Circumventing Non-Appropriation: Law and Development of United States Space Commerce”
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 36, N. 3, 2009, pp. 457-482.

F. von der DUNK
“To Own or Not To Own, That Is the Question”
European Journal of Navigation, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2005, pp. 46-55.

F. von der DUNK, H. R. HERTZFELD
“Bringing Space Law into the Commercial World: Property Rights Without Sovereignty”
Chicago Journal of International Law, n. 6, 2005, pp. 81-99.

J. M. de FARAMIÑÁN JILBERT
“La commercialisation de l’espace extra atmosphérique: Aspects juridiques”
In “Proceedings of the ECSL Summer Course on Space Law and Policy, University of Leuven, Belgium”, ESA/ECSL Publications, Paris, France, 2003, pp. 1-24.

E. FASAN
“Asteroids and Other Celestial Bodies: Some Legal Differences”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 26, 1998, p. 33.

E. FASAN
“Celestial Bodies and the Exploitative Use of Outer Space” Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XII, 1987, p. 227.

M. W. GABLE
“Take Me to Your Lawyer: The Inadequacies of the Current Regime of Space Law and Its effect on Commercialization of Space” Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XXXIII, 2008.

T. GANGALE, M. DUDLEY-ROWLEY
“To Build Bifrost: Developing Space Property Rights and Infrastructure”
In “Proceedings of the AIAA Space 2005 Conference, Long Beach, 30 Agust-1st September 2005” (AIAA-2005-6762).

C. B. HALSTEAD
“Prometheus Unbound? – Proposal for a New Paradigm for Air Law and Space Law: Orbit Law”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 36, N. 1, 2010, pp. 143-205.

S. HOBE
“Adequacy of the Current Legal and Regulatory Framework Relating to the Extraction and Appropriation of Natural Resources in Outer Space”
Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XXXII, 2007, pp. 115-130.

J. H. HUEBERT, W. BLOCK
"Space Environmentalism, Property Rights and the Law” University of Memphis Law Review, Vol. 37, 2007, pp. 281-309.

J. J. HURTAK, M. J. EGAN
“Consequences for Space Law-Making of Water Discovery on Mars” Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XXIX, 2004.

R. JAKHU, V. SERRANO
“International Regulation of Radio Frequencies for Space Services” In Institute of Air and Space Law of the University of Cologne/DLR (eds.), “Project 2001: Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space: Proceedings of the Workshops on Telecommunications, Berlin, 8-9 June 2000”, Institute of Air and Space Law of the University of Cologne/DLR, Cologne, 2000, pp. 41-113 (working document with limited distribution).

A. KERREST
“Exploration, Exploitation, Installation of a Station on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Lessons Learned from Antarctica”
In G. LAFFERRANDERIE, S. MARCHISIO (eds.), “The Astronauts and Rescue Agreement: Lessons Learned”, ESA/ECSL Publications, 2011.

P. B. LARSEN
“Current Legal Issues Pertaining to Space Solar Power Systems”
In “Proceedings of the Forty-Second Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1999”, Vol. 42, pp. 401-408.

M. J. LISTNER
“The Ownership and Exploitation of Outer Space: A Look at Foundational Law and Future Legal Challenges to Current Claims”
Regent Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, 2003, pp. 75-94.

T. L. MASSON-ZWAAN
“Lunar Exploration and Exploitation as a Special Case of Planetary Exploration: Legal Issues”
In “Proceedings of the ISRO-IISL Space Law Conference 2005”, Allied Publishers, 2006, p.23-32.

Z. MEYER
“Private Commercialization of Outer Space in an International Regime: A Proposal for a Space District”
Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Vol. 30, N. 1, 2010, pp. 241-261.

K. N. MURRAY
“Of Gardens and Streets: A Differentiated Model of Property in International and National Space Law”
Journal of Space Law, Vol. 32, N. 2, 2006, pp. 361-383.

S. OSPINA
“Regulation of Space Resources”
In M. BENKÖ, K.-U. SCHROGL (eds.), “Essential Air and Space Law 2 - Space Law: Current Problems and Perspectives for Future Regulation”, Eleven International Publishing, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2005, p. 255.

V. POP
“Extraterrestrial Real Estate: Debunking the Myth”
In “Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2004”, Vol. 47, pp. 334-338.

S. REIF
“Shaping a Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space: Recommendations and Conclusions from Project 2001”
Space Policy, Vol. 18, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 157-162.

S. REIF
“A Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space”
ECSL Newsletter, N. 18-19, 1999, p. 10.

G. S. ROBINSON
“Future Private Commercialization of Space Resources: Foibles of Applicable Law”
Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XXVII, 2002.

P. A. SALIN
“IASL/IISL International and Interdisciplinary Workshop on Policy and Law Relating to Outer Space Resources: The Example of the Moon, Mars and Other Celestial Bodies”
Air and Space Law, Vol. 32, Issue 1, 2007, pp. 31-39.

P. A. SALIN
“Orbites, fréquences et astéroïdes à l'heure de la commercialisation des activités spatiales: Vers une appropriation graduelle du patrimoine de l'espace?”
Annals of Air and Space Law, Vol. XXVI, 2001.

R. SATTLER
“Transporting a Legal System for Property Rights: From the Earth to the Stars”
Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, 2005, p. 23.

H. SHIN
“Emerging System of Property Right in the Outer Space”
In “Proceedings of the United Nations/Republic of Korea Workshop on Space Law: United Nations Treaties on Outer Space: Actions at the National Level, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 3-6 November 2003”, United Nations, 2004, p. 277.

L. I. TENNEN
“Article II of the Outer Space Treaty and the Use of Extraterrestrial Resources”
In A. KERREST (ed.), “L'adaption du droit de l'espace à ses nouveaux défis: Liber amicorum: Mélanges en l'honneur de Simone Courteix”, Pedone, 2007.

L. I. TENNEN
“Commentary on H. Shin’s “Emerging System of Property Right in the Outer Space””
In “Proceedings of the United Nations/Republic of Korea Workshop on Space Law: United Nations Treaties on Outer Space: Actions at the National Level, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 3-6 November 2003”, United Nations, 2004, p. 342.

J. C. THOMPSON
“Space for Rent: The International Telecommunications Union, Space Law, and Orbit/Spectrum Leasing”
Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 62, 1996, p. 279.

F. TRONCHETTI
“The Non-Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of International Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article the II of the Outer Space Treaty”
Air and Space Law, Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 277-305.

H. A. WASSENBERGH
“The International Regulation of an Equitable Utilization of the Natural Outer Space Resources”
In “Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 1996”.

A. WASSER, D. JOBES
“Space Settlements, Property Rights, and International Law: Could a Lunar Settlement Claim the Lunar Real Estate It Needs to Survive”
Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 73, N. 1, 2008, pp. 37-78.

W. WHITE
“Nemitz vs. U.S., the First Real Property Case in United States States Courts”
In “Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 2004”, Vol. 47, pp. 339-351.

K. M. ZULLO
“The Need to Clarify the Status of Property Rights in International Space Law”
Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 90, 2002, p. 2413.

Useful links

The Eros Project for Space Property Law website