News Galileo science colloquium   Audience at opening ceremony in the Aula Magna     6 November 2009   More than 150 scientists from 21 countries attended a colloquium on the fundamental aspects and scientific applications of the Galileo satellite navigation system, held at the University of Padua on 14–16 October.   The venue for the ‘Second International Colloquium – Scientific and Fundamental Aspects of the Galileo Programme’ was the Aula Magna of the University, the very place where Galileo Galilei, whose first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope took place 400 years ago, delivered some of his lectures.     The colloquium addressed three major areas of research: The fundamental aspects of satellite navigation: geodetic and temporal reference frames, relativistic frame, onboard and ground clocks, orbits, radiation environment in orbit, intersatellite links and aspects of propagation, including tropospheric and ionospheric corrections; Scientific applications in meteorology, geodesy, geophysics, space physics, oceanography, land surface and ecosystem studies, using either direct or reflected signals, differential measurements, phase measurements, radio occultation measurements, using receivers placed on the ground, in aircraft or on satellites; Fundamental physics related to astronomy, quantum communication and general relativity using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations.         Opening Address by Guenter Hein (ESA)   The programme encompassed four keynote speakers addressing the plenary sessions, eight parallel oral sessions containing 60 papers and one poster session presenting 40 papers.   The presentations revealed that good progress has been made since the first colloquium, which took place in Toulouse two years ago.       Panel members at the closing round table discussion     Navigation signals find other applications   The closing round-table discussion showed that scientific uses of GNSS signals can very quickly find their way into operational services. Dr Peter Bauer, Head of the Satellite Section at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), gave an example: the retrieval of tropospheric profiles by GNSS occultation. This was pioneering research some years ago but is now part of the routine data assimilation process for numerical weather prediction, leading to significant improvements in forecasting.         Discussion after keynote lecture   It was also observed that in critical areas of technology, such as highly stable clocks for space, steady progress is being made. Scientists requested better access to data coming from the Galileo test satellites, GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B. ESA is in the process of making these data available on a server set up to serve the science community.     The conference was organised by ESA with the support of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and speakers will have the opportunity to publish their papers in the COSPAR Journal of Advances in Space Research.   The colloquium’s main sponsors were: EADS Astrium Germany, Thales Alenia Space Italy, Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Porsche Italia and the University of Padova. Additional support and publicity were provided by the Académie de l’Air et de l’Espace, the Bureau des Longitudes, the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the International GNSS Service (IGS) and the International Union of Radio Science (Union Radio-Scientifique Internationale; URSI).     Related news  •  Colloquium on scientific and fundamental aspects of the Galileo programme (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMRXKKIWZF_galileo_0.html)  •  Science and Galileo - working together (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMG4LAMS7F_galileo_0.html)  •  October 2007 colloquium (http://www.esa.int/esaNA/SEMO9N6H07F_galileo_0.html)