Radiation doses on the way to Mars

Mission-cumulative radiation dose of three launch windows using a model based on data from the Liulin-MO dosimetry telescope onboard ESA’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.

The left, centre, and right panels correspond to the T1, T2 and T3 trajectories explained in this figure. The radiation accumulation during the mission is plotted for each trajectory.

In each panel, mission scenarios launched during the solar maximum, intermediate phase, and solar minimum are plotted in red, blue and green, respectively.

In these three panels, the ESA radiation limit for an astronaut’s career of 1000 millisieverts is shown with a red dashed horizontal line.