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Nature highlights use of space imagery to study Indonesian fires 
Writing in tomorrow’s issue of Nature magazine, European and Indonesian scientists detail their use of ESA and NASA satellite imagery to measure huge amounts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by 1997-98 fires in the tropical bush of Indonesia. A series of peatland and forest fires blamed on the El Niño climate phenomena devastated huge tracts of rainforest in Southeast Asia, hitting Indonesia particularly hard, in the most widespread fires in the region. The El Niño reduced precipitation and extended drought conditions throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. The resulting fires produced a noxious yellow haze that covered an area 3000 by 5000 kilometres for months. Estimates of the economic damage to Indonesia, and neighbouring countries of Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand, totalled more than $2 billion (€2.006 billion).
For the study, the researchers focused on tropical peat swamp forests, a largely overlooked ecosystem with peat deposits up to 20 metres deep. Because of the high carbon content of this organic soil, surface fires spread underground into the peat layer, not burning completely and producing huge amounts of smoke and fine particles. The peat swamp forests represent approximately 40 percent of the total area burned in Indonesia during the 1997-98 El Niño.
According to the cover story in Nature, the fires in Indonesia released upwards of 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon, 40 percent of the mean carbon emissions released annually from fossil fuels, and "contributing greatly to the largest annual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration detected since records began in 1957."
The study highlights that tropical peat stores huge amounts of carbon that will continue to be released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide during future forest fires and land conversion from forest to agriculture. Carbon dioxide, one of the so-called “greenhouse gases," is responsible for global warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Recurrent fires have the threatening potential of making a very significant contribution to this warming, particularly during an El Niño.
ERS-2 radar imagery sees through the smoke The researchers used before and after satellite images of an area measuring 2.5 million hectares in the central Kalimantan region on the island of Borneo. Using a single Landsat thematic mapper image, they determined the various types of land cover and the total peatland areas. To analyse the same region after the fires, however, optical satellite systems were at a disadvantage because of the residual haze and frequent cloud cover. To solve the problem, the team turned to ESA and imagery from the ERS-2 spacecraft and its synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Radar-based sensors such as the SAR onboard ERS-2 are ideal for penetrating clouds and haze. The advanced SAR carried on ESA’s Envisat satellite will continue to monitor the drought and other effects of El Niño.
"ERS-2 radar satellite imagery was required to identify burnt areas not detectable in Landsat," Siegert said.
Combination of drought and poor development can be catastrophic In an RSS press release on the Nature article, the scientist argues that the destruction potential of the fires is only triggered if more factors come together at a certain point. Pristine peat swamp forest will not burn, it stated, even after three months without rain, a typical condition during an El Niño.
"The combination of drought with wrong development programs and wrong land use policy lead into the catastrophe,” Siegert said. "Overexploitation by selective logging and drainage of the peat swamps makes this ecosystem susceptible to fire."
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