Mars Express science highlights

Some of the key results include:

• Producing global maps tracing the planet’s geologic activity, water, volcanism and minerals.

• Providing enough data to construct thousands of 3D images of the surface.

• Studying immense volcanoes, canyons, polar ice caps, and ancient impact craters.

• Probing the sub-surface with radar, detecting subsurface layers of water ice and liquid water hidden under the planet's south pole.

• Explored the martian atmosphere, finding signs of ozone and methane (which on Earth is attributed to active volcanism and biochemical processes), fleeting cloud layers up to 100 km above Mars' surface, and mighty dust storms.

• Witnessing charged particles escaping to space.

• Finding the first evidence of a planet-wide groundwater system. Five of these ancient interconnected underground lakes may contain minerals crucial to life.

• Examining Mars’ moons Phobos and Deimos, with the revised mass and density data opening up the possibility that the interior of Phobos resembles a porous sponge.

• Identifying dried-up river valleys, traces of catastrophic floods, and buried glaciers.

• Contributing to the emerging picture of Mars as a once-habitable planet, with warmer and wetter epochs that may have once acted as oases for ancient martian life.

• Discovering localised aurora on Mars.

• Unearthing the quantity and composition of ice at the polar regions, finding that there is enough water ice in the south polar cap to create a global ocean 11-metres deep.

• Detecting volcanic activity as recently as 100 million years ago, leading to speculation that they may still be active today.

• Finding water buried under the equator and inside volcanoes near the equator, a place where it was thought impossible for water to exist.

• Providing hints that Mars rusted earlier than thought in the planet's past, when liquid water was more widespread.

• Revealing that Mars churns up surprisingly Earth-like cloud patterns, reminiscent of those in our planet’s tropical regions.

Mars Express's discoveries are paving the way for missions dedicated to hunting for signs of life on the planet, such as the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Rosalind Franklin rover mission.